Vachmi
Sanskrit वर्णमाला (Varnamala)
In any language, sentences are formed by words which in turn are formed by letters (sounds). In Sanskrit, these letters/sounds are called वर्ण. वर्ण are classified into स्वर swar (vowels) and व्यन्जन vyanjan (consonants)
स्वराः (swaraha)
According to Patanjali, स्वयम् राजन्ते इति स्वरा: (swayam rajante iti swarah). This means swaras are those which embellish themselves. They don't need any support for their pronounciation.
There are 9 swar in total. स्वराः (swaraha) are segregated into ह्रस्व स्वर and दीर्घ स्वर
| ह्रस्व स्वराः | अ | इ | उ | ऋ | ऌ | ||||
| Transcription | a | i | u | ṛ | ḷ | ||||
| दीर्घ स्वराः | आ | ई | ऊ | ॠ | ॡ | ए | ऐ | ओ | औ |
| Transcription | ā | ī | ū | ṝ | ḹ | e | ai | o | au |
| स्वराश्रितौ | अं | अः | |||||||
| Transcription | ṃ | ḥ |
व्यञ्जनानि (vyanjanaani)
There are 33 व्यञ्जन in Sanskrit.
| कण्ठव्य | क | ख | ग | घ | ङ |
| Transcription | k | kh | g | gh | ṅ |
| तालव्य | च | छ | ज | झ | ञ |
| Transcription | c | ch | j | jh | ñ |
| मूर्धन्य | ट | ठ | ड | ढ | ण |
| Transcription | ṭ | ṭh | ḍ | ḍh | ṇ |
| दन्तव्य | त | थ | द | ध | न |
| Transcription | t | th | d | dh | n |
| ओष्ठव्य | प | फ | ब | भ | म |
| Transcription | p | ph | b | bh | m |
| विशिष्ट व्यन्जन | य | र | ल | व | |
| Transcription | y | r | l | v | |
| विशिष्ट व्यन्जन | श | ष | स | ह | |
| Transcription | ś | ṣ | s | h |